CONCEPT OF DOPING IN SPORTS

(A) CONCEPT OF DOPING

Doping is defined as the use of drugs or blood products to improve sports performance. Doping

Can also be defined as the use of a substance or technique to enhance the sports performance illegally. It is a deliberate attempt by an athlete to win at any cost, even if it is by using life threatening substances or methods.

I0C wants dope free clean sports. International Olympic Committee defined doping as “the use of

ony method or substance that might harm the athlete, in a quest to gain an unfair advantage, over his/her fellow competitors."

The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical and banned by International

Olympic Committee (I0C). World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) check the usage of Doping substance by the players. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risk, equal opportunity for athletes to compete, alleged exemplary effects of clean (dope free) sports for all. Doping methods or substances might harm the health of athletes and might be fatal. Doping in sports are taken during training or competition days. There

are various types of doping substances. Doping in sports is a critical issue putting an athlete's health at risk. Famous athletes who were found guilty include Lance Armstrong, Marion Jones, Maria

Sharapova, Martina Hingis, Tyson Gay, Diego Maradona, Carl Lewis,Shane Warne, etc.

According to World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) "Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the anti-doping

code. These are as follows:

(i)Presence of a prohibited substance or method.

(ii) Use or attempt to use a prohibited substance or method.

(iii) Refusing to submit sample collection after being notified.

(iv) Failure to file athlete's whereabouts after being notified.

(v) Tampering with any part of the doping control process.

(vi) Possession /trafficking of a prohibited substance or method.

(vi) Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an athlete.

 (B) CLASSIFICATION OF DOPING

(A) PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL (DRUG)

There are various types of drugs that can be used by athletes to enhance their performance. These are chemicals or synthetic products such as:

(i) STIMULANT

Stimulants are also known as "uppers" as they enhance sports performance by stimulating the mind and body artificially. They basically increase the activities of Central Nervous System (CNS) resulting in improved alertness, reaction

time and energy. These drugs improve work output ability by reducing the feeling of fatigue. Stimulants are the group of those drugs that tends to increase alertness and physical activity. Some of the most commonly used stimulants are cocaine, amphetamines etc.

Harmful Effects : Addictive in nature, aggressive nature,violent behaviour, blurred vision, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, heart failure, hypertension, headache, upset stomach, anxiety, insomnia,

depression, exhaustion etc.

(ii) NARCOTICS

  

Norcotics are the drugs that make people slow and sleepy. They are good painkillers. They are used during training period to remove the feeling of restlessness and tiredness. They help in long

endurance activities. However, overdose can result in respiratory problems and even death. Examples are morphine (ganja), opium, heroin, methadone, cocaine, etc, They are

also found in cough syrups and painkillers.

Harmful Effects : Slow response, decline in activity, strong addiction effect, loss of concentration drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, constipation, failing to recognize injury due to increased pain threshal increased heart rate etc.

(iii) STEROIDS

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These are very strong chemicals which are used by players during training period. They promote growth and healing process. They increase the heart rate, body temperature, respiration, body weight, muscle mass ,blood circulation, faster healing and rebuilding of tissues, etc. These are effective for speed, power and strength

activities.

Harmful Effects : Leads to heart attack; cause cancer (kidney or liver); cause jaundice and liver tumor: lead to several cardio-vascular diseases, atherosclerosis and may even result in a cardiac attack; male voice (in females), infertility (in females), decrease in sexual power, sexual desire and may lead to criminal behaviour.

muscular body (in females); reduce high density lipoprotein (HDL); hair shedding, increase aggressiveness, lead to mood swings, depression, hypertension, uncontrolled emotions etc .

(iv) GROWTH HORMONES

These are generally used by bodybuilders, throwers, jumpers, basketball players, etc. Peptide homones such as erythropoietin, human growth hormone (HGH), insulin, gonadotropin and adreno-corticotropic homone(ACTH) are the substances produced by the various glands and when circulated by blood can affect various

organs and tissues to alter body functions. These are banned because they can stimulate various body functions such as growth rate and sensitivity to pain. They stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones, increase strength and production of red blood cells, therefore, increasing oxygen carrying capacity that results in improving endurance level of an athlete.

Harmful Effects : Unbalanced height and size; postural deformity may arise; overgrowth of limbs and face; muscular-skeletal enlargement; bones may be defected; may lead to obesity; blood clots due to increased blood viscosity; increased risk of heart attack; low blood sugar levels: shortness of breath; brain damage and death: headache and joint pain; ulcer, cataract and osteoporosis etc.

(v) BETA-BLOCKERS

These are anxiety reducing agents which are used in games that involve concentration and risk. Agonists are majorly used for medicinal purposes for treating asthma because they open up the bronchial tubes of the lungs and hence clear the air passage. They reduce the anxiety, lower the heart rate, reduce body temperature. reduce stress, and I relax muscles (without loss of control). Athletes take these to boost their respiratory functions. These are generally used by shooters, ski divers, jumpers, motor racing players, etc .

Harmful Effects : Affects kidneys and liver adversely and cause serious health problems in later age, increase risk of cardiac arrest, trembling (specially in hands). headache, palpitations, muscle cramps etc.

(vi) DIURETICS

These drugs eliminate fluid from the body. Diuretics help athletes by increasing excretion of water from the body. They are also known as "water pills" as they increase production of urine. The person reduces body weight in very short period. Athletes use diuretics to flush out the remains from steroids and to facilitate weight ht loss by shedding water fron the body. These are generally used by wrestlers, iudo and

Loving players. These drugs increase urine secretion

Harmful Effects : Reduce the natural appetite; may lead to malnutrition, under-nutrition; body fainting, unusual thirst and I dehydration ; diarrhoea, headache; dizziness; too little or too much potassium in blood; muscle cramps; kidney failure; increased cholesterol and blood sugar; irregular heart beat; skin rashes etc.

(vii) CANNABINOIDS

Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain.They help in reducing anxiety, leading to a feeling of relaxation and decrease pain sensation. The most common example of a cannabinoid is Marijuana.

Harmful Effects : Slow response, decline in activity, strong addiction effect, loss of concentration drowsiness ,nausea and vomiting , constipation, falling of recognize ,injury due to increased pain threshola increased heart rate etc.

(B) BLOOD DOPING

It is also named as Erythropoietin (EPO). It may or may not involve use of drugs. Blood doping is the process of increasing the Red Blood Cells (RBCs) by administration of blood transfusion, Increased amount of RBCs helps in strength and endurance

activities. This can be done by injecting

extra RBCs either from donor or previously

harvested own blood or taking drug to

increase RBCs production. It is an illicit

method of improving performance by

artificially boosting the blood ability to bring

more oxygen to muscles. Blood doping

increases the haemoglobin in blood stream

so that oxygen carrying capacity increases

resulting improved endurance.

Erythropoietin (EPO) hormone is produced

by kidneys which promotes red blood cells

(RBC). This method is used by long

distance runners, cyclists, swimmers, etc.

to improve endurance level. Blood doping

causes great loss to health like dehydration,

heart attack, blood infections/diseases, etc.

How Blood Doping Works

Elevated levels of red blood cells found in an athlete's bloodstream can be

a sign of blood doping.

NORMAL BLOOD

The blood of a typical adult male is

made up of 40 to 50 percent red

blood cells, which carry oxygen to

tissues. Typical levels for women

are 35 to 45 percent.

DOPED BLOOD

Red blood cells (from a donor

previously removed from the

athlete) or the homone

erythropoietin (EPO) are inject

The increase in red blood cells

muscles to work longer and

without cramping.

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